Who is regarded as the first person to discuss the concept of capitalism?

The correct response identifies Max Weber as a key figure in the discussion of capitalism, especially through his analysis of its cultural and social implications. Weber's work, notably in “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,” explores how certain aspects of Protestantism, particularly Calvinism, contributed to the development of a capitalist economy in Western society. He examined the cultural underpinnings of capitalism, emphasizing the role of religious values in shaping economic behavior and attitudes.

While Karl Marx is often associated more directly with critiques of capitalism and the dynamics of class struggle, Weber's sociological perspective highlighted capitalism's connection to broader socio-cultural factors. Thus, Weber's contributions set the stage for understanding capitalism not just as an economic system, but as one intertwined with social and cultural dimensions.

In contrast, the works of Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton focus on functionalism and social structure, which do not specifically center on capitalism in the same context as Weber. This distinction is essential for understanding the historical and theoretical foundations of capitalism in sociological discussions.