Which of the following best captures the essence of "deviance"?

The essence of "deviance" is best captured by the concept of actions that violate societal norms. Deviance refers to behaviors, attitudes, or conditions that differ from what is considered acceptable or appropriate within a given society or social group. This can include a wide range of actions, from minor infractions—like dress code violations—to more serious offenses, such as criminal behavior. What is considered deviant can vary across cultures and contexts, and it can change over time as societal norms evolve.

In contrast to the other choices, deviance does not necessarily have to be criminal; it simply requires a departure from accepted standards. Therefore, recognizing deviance as actions that violate societal norms allows for a broader understanding that encompasses various behaviors—both negative and positive—that exist outside the mainstream.