What kind of bonds are characterized by specialization and independence?

The correct answer is the concept of organic bonds, which are characterized by specialization and independence within a society. In sociological terms, organic solidarity refers to the social cohesion that arises when individuals, with diverse and specialized roles, come together to form a complex and interdependent social structure. This concept was introduced by the sociologist Émile Durkheim to contrast with mechanical solidarity, which is typical of simpler societies where people perform similar tasks and share values and beliefs, leading to a strong collective consciousness.

In societies characterized by organic bonds, individuals rely on one another's specialized contributions to sustain the functioning of the whole community. This interconnectedness is essential for modern societies, where the division of labor allows for greater efficiency and productivity, but also requires a higher degree of interdependence among individuals who may not share the same values or lifestyles.

Thus, the emphasis on specialization and independence in organic bonds highlights the complexity of social relationships in contemporary societies, where individuals may not know each other personally but are still linked through economic and social networks that underscore modern social organization.