In which stage of moral development do individuals primarily seek personal gain or attempt to avoid punishment?

The Pre-Conventional Stage of moral development, as proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, is characterized by a focus on self-interest. In this stage, individuals make decisions based on the immediate consequences of their actions, primarily seeking to gain rewards or avoid punishment. The reasoning behind this stage is quite simple: the moral perspective is based on direct, tangible outcomes that affect oneself. This could involve a child who decides not to steal a cookie because they fear being punished, or someone who follows rules to gain approval or rewards.

The other stages, such as the Conventional and Post-Conventional stages, involve more complex moral reasoning that accounts for social norms and ethical principles. In the Conventional Stage, individuals follow societal rules and the expectations of others to maintain relationships and societal order. The Post-Conventional Stage signifies a level where individuals develop their own ethical beliefs that may go against societal norms, emphasizing principles such as justice and human rights. Understanding these distinctions helps clarify why the Pre-Conventional Stage focuses primarily on personal gain and punishment avoidance.